Pelican Crossing
These signalised pedestrian crossing points are used where pedestrian road crossing movements are particularly high and the road in question experiences excessive speed.

Pelican crossings are introduced with zig zag road markings which prohibit parking near to the crossing point.  It can therefore be inappropriate to introduce a pelican crossing where on-street parking demands are already a particular issue.

Cost (£)
Pelican Crossings with anti-skid carriageway surfacing and associated street lighting can easily cost £35,000.

Priority Narrowing
This involves introducing a road narrowing which effectively creates a one-way priority system at that point.  The speed reducing effect of such a measure would rely upon the regular presence of oncoming vehicles in order to ensure that traffic without priority has to periodically give way and consequently reduce its speed.

Measures such as these can be difficult to achieve as they rely heavily on good visibility from approaching drivers.  The presence of private drives and side roads also restrict the opportunities where priority narrowings can be placed.

Cost (£)
A single priority narrowing with associated signing and road markings may cost around £6,000.

Refuge/Traffic Island
These are placed in the centre of the carriageway.  Refuges are designed to provide a safe harbour for pedestrians crossing the road.  Refuges make the road look narrower and consequently can cause a degree of speed reduction, particularly when introduced with a road widening which has the effect of deviating the flow of traffic.  Traffic islands achieve the same effect but are used purely for the purpose of speed reduction without crossing facilities.

The sites where refuges/islands can be used are limited as they rely heavily on good forward visibility from approaching drivers and should not be placed across or very near to private drives or side roads.  Also, if the road is quite narrow with no opportunity to widen it then there could be insufficient space to site a refuge.

Cost (£)
A refuge with no associated carriageway widening may cost in the region of £6,000.  However, widening is often required to facilitate a refuge where the overall cost could easily be £30,000.  

Road Markings
There are many forms of road markings, usually used to highlight specific situations and cause drivers to take special care.  The road markings technique shown is central hatching which is usually placed down the centre of the road to create the narrower traffic lanes and keep opposing vehicle flows away from each other.  They also encourage lower speeds when overtaking cyclists or parked vehicles.

Cost (£)
Road markings are laid on a daily or half daily basis.  The introduction of various markings over a daily period costs £600.00.